Internal Control Failures Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inside Control Failures Paper - Essay Example It was discovered that most instances of interior control disappointments were brought about by people outer to the firm, the executives level and non-the board level representatives, demeanor of workers towards morals and misrepresentation, and absence of exacting revealing and twofold control quantifies inside the association (Chrorafas, 2000). The fundamental issue was that top administration didn't bolster inside control methodology. In certain quarters, this venture was respected with extraordinary watchfulness, however there additionally was alert about seeming to assault the possibility of an applied structure obviously in light of the fact that the rationale of looking for such a reason for dynamic was hard to ambush. The removal and resettlement of the nearby populace, of 192 World Bank ventures dislodging 2.5 million individuals somewhere in the range of 1986 and 1993, dam and store ventures caused sixty-three percent of those relocations (Macdonald 2001, p. 1011). This imp lied despite the fact that the issues were very petulant, the discussions were directed in a lower key than those over explicit gauges, and the subject once in a while broke into the open prints in light of the fact that the media would in general view it as unreasonably elusive for well known utilization. An absence of ordinary checking limits the free's to extend data and weakens responsibility (Macdonald 2001, p. 1011). The... Along these lines, in both the structure and financing settings, individual interests are given more noteworthy thought than innovative, biological, or monetary possibility (Macdonald 2001, p. 1011). The reason for the bank insecurity and the related wastefulness is to be found in a particular trait of the monetary intermediation movement: development change. The bank depends on partial stores. As buyers have irregular requirements for liquidity, a money related middle person can offer a liquidity protection while holding in real money just a small amount of the sum saved and putting some portion of the store in longer-term and generally illiquid ventures. This expands the government assistance of investors yet it likewise causes unsteadiness. Undertaking disappointments demonstrate the need to change strategies and interior control techniques. Bank automatic resettlement strategy requires resettlement intends to remunerate relocatees, by either improving or reestablishing the moneta ry base of those moved (Macdonald 2001, p. 1011). This circumstance prompts deficiency of assets and usage of stricter money related arrangements. The financing of profoundly illiquid extends on the universal markets depends on moderately transient obligation, and a run of banks may lead a nation into major dilemma regardless of whether it would some way or another have had no issues in adjusting its obligations (Chrorafas, 2000). Furthermore, the Bank bears uncommon duty regarding resettlement issues in the planning and evaluation of tasks since this period before marking advances is the point at which the Bank has most extreme inclusion and influence (Macdonald 2001, p. 1011). These disappointments impact interior control systems and new inward arrangements. The thing that matters is that the standards of-direct methodology prompts generally little and rare

Good Practice in Human Resource Management HRM †Transcript Free Essays

1. Great Practice in Human Resource Management (HRM) Based on a meeting with Graham Walton, Library Service Development Manager at Loughborough University ExFiles FOLIO Course †January 2007 2. Graham’s Current Role Graham is the Library Service Development Manager at Loughborough University. We will compose a custom exposition test on Great Practice in Human Resource Management HRM †Transcript or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now He is liable for managing the quality/assessment of library administrations, promoting and exposure, growing new administrations, preparing staff just as HR. 3. Fundamental Functions of HRM is tied in with â€Å"getting the opportune individuals with the correct abilities in right place†. It is pivotal that Library HR forms meet the vital points of the association. The HRM chief has operational duty to follow more extensive hierarchical arrangements and practices. 4. Graham’s HRM Responsibilities Graham directs the evaluation procedure of all library staff. This includes the improvement procedure, checking progress, ordering ultimate results and recognizing any preparation needs. Graham is liable for all human asset parts of non-scholastic agreement library staff. This includes seeing the HR procedure through all the way: e. . composing sets of expectations and individual particulars, talking with, determination, enlistment, de-instructions of leaving staff and so forth. Graham is likewise intensely associated with staff improvement and contriving preparing programs. 5. How has Graham obtained HRM abilities? Assortment of ways including: One-year HRM course as a major aspect of a MBA. Inner seminars on enlistment and determination. Learning through understandin g: â€Å"getting on with it†. Applying presence of mind. 6. Key difficulties of HRM Workforce advancement †staff are presently expected to learn new abilities all the time. Need to consider how you empower your staff to do this. Authoritative Structure †need to consider the most ideal approach to arrange this. What is the most ideal route for individuals to cooperate? Need to permit open door for individuals to effectively step out of their groups and work with others. Culture Change †this is an all inclusive test and libraries are not really the best-furnished at managing this. This is maybe the most troublesome test as culture is characteristic and profound established. Work/Life Balance †how would you coordinate adaptable working needs with offering types of assistance? 7. Achievement Factors for Effective HRM If the accompanying 5 components are set up, you ought to have compelling HRM: Follow authoritative approaches and systems. Exercise Fairness †settle on the entirety of your choices dependent on proof. You should have the option to legitimize every one of your choices should you have to guard any of them. Tender loving care †bunches of things identifying with HR that you have to recall and stick to (e. g. start dates, occasion privileges and so forth). Familiarity with singular contrasts †you have to know your staff independently and know how various individuals will respond contrastingly to circumstances. Open-entryway strategy †you should be agreeable and consistently be prepared to drop everything should somebody come to you with a HR issue. 8. How does a successful HR chief impact their staff? A compelling HR Manager: Leads by model †on the off chance that you anticipate that your staff should show certain qualities, at that point you have to give them yourself. Be open, reasonable and straightforward in your techniques consistently. Guarantee that your staff feel esteemed and significant inside the association. Guarantee that different administrators understand that they all have an obligation regarding HRM †for instance a group chief must interpretation of shared duty regarding the staff advancement of partners in their group. 9. Is there anything especially one of a kind to library and data administration HRM? Most HRM issues are conventional to all associations, regardless of whether business or not-for-benefit. One issue that is maybe not normal, is that libraries have the â€Å"professional versus on-professional† banter. This can cause pressure and strife, implying that some staff don't arrive at their maximum capacity. 10. Creative HRM Practices Two things we are having a go at/considering at Loughborough University which we have not attempted previously: A pool of brief low maintenance staff that we can approach at short notification to decrease the strain on existing staff during times of ye arly leave/affliction. Holding enrollment open days †this would include putting an open advert welcoming individuals to go to the library on a specific day. Library staff would then â€Å"speed-interview† each one of those joining in and from this it would be concluded who might be welcomed back for additional talking. 11. How would you see your association in HRM developing later on? The perspectives to concentrate on in the following not many years will be: Staff aptitudes blend/workforce improvement and how HR can move this along. There will be much more prominent weight for expanded adaptable working and telecommuting. At present, it is indistinct how this will show itself in the Library. Instructions to refer to Good Practice in Human Resource Management HRM †Transcript, Papers

Modern Writers Who Remind Me Its Ok To Be a Mess in Your 20s

Modern Writers Who Remind Me Its Ok To Be a Mess in Your 20s This is a guest post from Gretchen Lida. Gretchen is an essayist and an equestrian. Her work has appeared in The Washington Post, Brevity, The Rumpus, The Washington Independent Review of Books and many others. She teaches composition in Illinois, lives in Wisconsin, sometimes lives on Nantucket Island and is still a Colorado Native. She is working on her first collection Beware the Horse Girls: Essays for the Awkward Equestrian. The CD player in my car only works if you whisper sweet nothings to it. When I pop in an audiobook from the library, I console it as I slide in the disk.  I tell it that I know how hard it is to the same darn job since 2003, but I need it now.  Then it throws an error code; I take the CD out, put it back in, set it on track two and 47.8% of the time it plays.  And as a struggling millennial, with a mortgage amount of student debt and a rewarding but poorly paying set of jobs (that’s right, jobs plural), getting the cranky old thing fixed is pretty darn low on the priority list. Now as the old car sputters sadly down the street, David Sedariss latest book,  Theft by Finding, crackles through the speakers. Theft by Finding is a compilation of Sedaris’s diaries starting when he is 20 in 1977 and ending in 2002 when he is 45. It took me more than a week to listen to those first few discs. Listening to young Sedaris consistently list how much money he has, which bills he has missed, which crappy job has screwed him over, year after terrible year sent me into dizzying spirals of panic. It was just too close to what my life felt like.   “It’s never going to end.” My mind screamed. “The world is a terrible cesspit of despair.” It harmonizes louder. I often had to turn it off and plug in something else to try to calm down. Of course, I went back and kept listening. David Sedaris finishes his degree at the Art Institute of Chicago, he moves to New York, writes plays with his sister, slowly his work gets more and more noticed, he even falls in love.   Then I remember, yes, even America’s personal essay heavyweight was a hot  in mess in his twenties.   In a life where our social pipelines are populated with Instagram engagement photos and first house Facebook updates, it’s easy to feel like we have failed if we haven’t found stability or the perfect partner by the time we reach 25. Its even easier to believe this myth of 20-something success if we watch too much TV or only listen to pop music. “Over 28?” these mediums ask, “You might as well be 98.” For the most part, the ages of 20 through 35 are just a lot of terrible work. Sure, we don’t have quite as many responsibilities, and there are a lot of amazing things that happen, but money is tight, the first of life’s real   disappointments hit us, and the older generation freaks out in our direction as we do our best to yank ourselves upwards. Fortunately for us bookish millennials, there are lots of writers out there to remind us that we are not alone in this slow crawl towards a life of our own.  Lindy West got an abortion at 27 and begged the clinic to let her pay for it after she got it  because she had to wait for her next paycheck. Salman Rushdie barely finished his novel in time for his first child to be born after quitting his job for a marketing agency.  Cheryl Strayed fought with heroin in her 20s and got divorced from her first husband when she was 27. Ta-Nehisi Coates dropped out of Howard University and struggled to find stable employment.  And Roxane Gay ran off with a stranger she met on the internet after leaving an Ivy League school.   Now, Lindy West has a column in The Guardian, and her collection of essays Shrill: Notes from a Loud Women is a national bestseller. Salman Rushdie has published eleven novels and is considered India’s Hemingway. Cheryl Strayed’s memoir is now a movie, and she travels the world. Ta-Nehisi Coates writes  Black Panther comic books, interviewed Obama for The Atlantic, and is now one of the great writers about race and class of the 21st Century.   And as for Roxane Gay, she now has a Ph.D., teaches, and was interviewed on the Daily Show about her latest book, Hunger: a Memoir of (My) Body. Of course, not all of us are going to find ourselves on bestsellers lists or talking to Trevor Noah about our books, but many of us do figure it out after a while. All of the memoirs by the authors listed above reminded me that no life worth living ever came easily. They reminded me that me and my crappy old car, with its crappy old CD player, are just starting out, and that like a good piece of writing, a good life is often full of revisions and false starts.  So what if I feel a bit too much of a mess; like David Sedaris, I will just keep turning the page and put a new date at the top.

Analysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet ``

riendship is the most precious thing in life Jill McCorkle once said â€Å"The silver friend knows your present and the gold friend knows all of your past dirt and glories. Once in a blue moon there is someone who knows it all, someone who knows and accepts you unconditionally, and someone who is there for life†. McCorkle’s description of a â€Å"gold friend† reminds me of a novel I recently read called â€Å"Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet† where friendship is universal and described as a bridge that connect all social gaps including gender, race and differences in abilities. Throughout the book, author Jamie Ford has succeeded to show readers that friendship is the most precious gift of life and it is also the most valuable thing to pursuit by giving details about how characters in his book such as Henry, Keiko and Sheldon help each other in the hardest time of their lives. Spreading out along the book is a beautiful and unbreakable friendship formed by Henry and Keiko, two young people that suffering from discrimination and found each other among the chaos of war. In the beginning of the novel â€Å"Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet†, we can clearly observe that Keiko and Henry experienced many hard times and obstacles that prevented them from sticking together, many times where it would have been easier for them to just simply give up and accept the reality that their friendship will never work out. Instead of going along with fate, they choose to create their own destiny byShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet934 Words   |  4 PagesHotel on the Corner of Bitter and sweet Jamie Ford writes â€Å"Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and sweet† and the publisher of the book is Ballantine Books. They published the book in English on 1st February 2009. â€Å"Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet† story sets during one of the most conflicted and volatile times in American history. The time period of the story is after the Pearl Harbor boomed and the internment of American-Japanese families during the World War II. â€Å"Hotel of the corner bitterRead MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet2326 Words   |  10 Pages Jamie Ford’s book Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, is a story about the experiences and hardships that Japanese-Americans suffered during World War II. The protagonist Henry, a twelve-year old Chinese-American boy at the time of the war, reacted with more than just curiosity. The story opens with the news that belongings of several families who were interned is more than just curiosity; he had a deep personal connection to the events of the past and the story uncovers his memories. HenryRead MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet1404 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout these years we had fights and good moments and this is what forms this strong â€Å"interpersonal bond† also known as friendship. In our novel Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Henry and his friends faces different challenges throughout the story which str engthens their ties. In Jamie Ford’s novel Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, Ford communicates the theme that friendship is needed especially during difficult times through the character’s actions in the books. Ford shows us oneRead MoreHotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet Analysis949 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"True love is like ghosts, which everyone talks about and few have seen†. This is a quote said by Francois de La Rochefoucauld, which explains the rarity of true love. In Jamie Ford’s novel, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, the record of Oscar Holden symbolizes the relationship between Henry and Keiko, which is sensed as true love. Throughout the book, Henry and Keiko experience many ups and downs in their relationships which can be reflected by the treatment and condition of the record.Read MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet, By Jamie Ford986 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel â€Å"Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet,† written by Jamie Ford is a compelling novel about a young Chinese American boy name Henry. Henry is growing up after the Pearl Harbor incident and the start of the internment camps for Japanese Americans. Henryâ⠂¬â„¢s ethnicity as a Chinese American affects his childhood in being bulled in school, having a distant relationship with his parents, and causes issues with his first love Keiko, a Japanese American girl. First, by looking at the way Henry’sRead MoreLiterary Analysis: Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet as a Historical Fiction1280 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis: Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet as a Historical Fiction In Jamie Ford’s historical fiction Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, this split narrative focuses on two eras: 1942 and 1986. Within these era’s, Ford’s novel focuses on a Chinese boy, Henry Lee, and what it was like to grow up in the international district with prejudice everywhere, especially in his own family being a first generation American. His novel tells the story of Henry, as well as a Japanese girlRead MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet, Henry And Keiko1098 Words   |  5 Pagesenjoyable when having someone to share good and bad memories. It is always best to keep the most important relationships closest to the heart. By doing this, dealing with life struggles can become a much more easy ordeal. In the book, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, Henry and Keiko were always there for each other. Jamie Ford, the author, was able to portray two best friends that shared an ordinary yet unique childhood. Henry is a young Chinese boy living in the heart of a town where whitesRead MoreAmpalaya Cupcake15271 Words   |  62 Pagesnutritional value content as well. Ampalaya will be our main ingredient. Ampalaya or Bitter Melon/Bitter Gourd is a vegetable that grows in Asia, the Caribbean, East Africa and South America. People eat it as a food as well as use it for medicinal purposes to help treat conditions including diabetes, cancer and viral infections. Bitter melon affects certain hormones, including insulin and leptin. Due to its bitter taste many people don’t like to eat Amplaya even though it is healthy. As a result ofRead MoreCoffee Shop Feasibility5138 Words   |  21 PagesA Feasibility study on â€Å"Coffee Ko† Coffee Shop In Partial Fulfillment of requirements for the subject Principles of Management For the degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management At STI – College Quezon Avenue By: Eric B. Buquis Jake Christian Z. Escobar Carl Justin Oliquino Michaela D. Santo October 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTPROJECT BACKGROUND * Company Vision amp; Mission †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Name of the Business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Logo/Rationale†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreHow can Thailand Successfully Become the Top Culinary Tourism Destination?3488 Words   |  14 Pagesexample while still keeping up a distinguished taste of its own, whatever the recipe’s origin with the differentiation of distinctive cuisine styles in four regions of country. The balance of five fundamental taste senses namely; spicy, sweet, salty, sour, and bitter wo uld be chosen two or more flavors to mix in one dish (Harrison Monroe, 2003). Cummimgs (2000) states that â€Å" Thai cuisine has become so globally appreciated that in a survey polling travel agencies in over 25 countries, it ranked fourth

Use of Allusion in Jane Eyre - 2589 Words

ALLUSION IN JANE EYRE This paper will focus on the use of allusion that Bronte has made in her novel Jane Eyre. The novel is written in first person. The novel has in it elements of the gothic. The gothic novel is an amalgamation of romance and terror. The tradition started with Horace Walpole’s novel ‘the castle of Otronto’. Bronte uses elements of this tradition in Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre digresses from the other novels, written over a four-year period, largely because of Brontes use of images, symbols, and allusions. In marked contrast, Jane Eyre is filled with allusions and citations: thirty-seven from the Bible, eleven from Shakespeare, and references to or†¦show more content†¦The scene, then, is set: a man and a woman alone in a garden, a singled-out tree, and even a hint of sexual confrontation in the perfumed scent of Rochesters cigar which follows Jane through the garden( 311-12).This gardens scene and the proposal of marriage precipitate the downward ac tion of part two-Jane will be driven by conscience from this paradise-an action foreshadowed by the shattering of the giant horse-chestnut by lightning. At the end of part three Jane and Rochester are again united in a garden, this time at Ferndean where reference to the horse-chestnut ties the two scenes together. The language now echoes Genesis. Rochester says: We must become one flesh without any delay, Jane (570). She later reflects: No woman was ever nearer to her mate than am I: ever more absolutely bone of his bone, and flesh of his flesh (576). Rochester compares himselft to the shattered horse-chestnut at Thornfield and Janes response ties in another edenic theme, one derived from Paradise Lost. She consoles him by telling him he is still strong: Plants will grow about your roots, says Jane, and your strength offers them a safe prop (568). Yet at the end, as they wend homeward through the woods Jane says: I served both for his prop and guide (573). This echoes the scene in Milton where Satan sees Eve working alone, Herself, though fairest un supported Flower / From her best prop so farShow MoreRelated Biblical Allusions i n Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesBiblical Allusions in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre One Sunday evening, shortly after Jane arrives at Lowood School, she is forced to recite the sixth chapter of St. Matthew as part of the daily lesson (70; ch. 7). This chapter in Matthew states, Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed? / (For after all these things do the Gentiles seek:) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things. / ButRead MoreSummary of Clarkes Brontes Jane Eyre and the Grimms Cinderella1341 Words   |  6 PagesClarke, Micael M. Brontes Jane Eyre and the Grimms Cinderella. SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500-1900. 40.4 (2000): 695-710. Clarke explores the similarities and importance of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s use of the Grimms’ version of Cinderella within the story of Jane Eyre. She outlines how the two stories are parallel and then skillfully explores the symbolism that is present in both. Through her analysis of the ways the two stories are similar, Clarke concludes that the combination ofRead MoreEssay about Finding the Balance of Love and Freedom in Jane Eyre1339 Words   |  6 PagesSimilar to many of the great feministic novels of its time, Jane Eyre purely emerges as a story focused on the quest for love. The novel’s protagonist, Jane, searches not only for the romantic side of love, but ultimately for a sense of self-worth and independence. Set in the overlapping times of the Victorian and Gothic periods, the novel touches upon both women’s supposed rights, and their inner struggle for liberty. Orphaned at an early age, Jane was born into a modest lifestyle, without any major parentRead MoreReligious Foreshadowing in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesForeshadowing in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Charlotte Brontà « uses several different symbols to foretell events that occur in Jane Eyre. For example, Brontà « uses birds to represent freedom, for which Jane longs and finally finds by the end of the novel. Fire is another symbol used by Brontà «: When Bertha sets Rochesters bed on fire, The image of fire might symbolize signifying first sinfulness, then rebirth (Vaughon). The symbolism most fascinating, however, is the way in which Brontà « uses religionRead MoreUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1740 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead MoreUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1729 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1110 Words   |  5 Pagesexpressed her frustration towards this in Jane Eyre. Within this brief passage, Charlotte Brontà « elegantly employs symbolism, allusions, and diction in order to assert Jane’s determination to stay true to herself, despite the pressures exerted on her by society. To be honest, the amount of symbolism within the passage is actually quite minor in comparison to the rest of the novel, where it can be found in scores. However, the particular symbol Brontà « uses is a part of her rather prevalent symbolicRead More Use of Language in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Language in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « Look closely at the passage in volume 1, chapter 7, where Mr Brocklehurst visits Lowood, from ‘One afternoon (I had been three weeks at Lowood)†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ to ‘†¦ the inside was further beyond his interference than he imagined.’ Write an essay examining how language is used in this passage to convey and contrast the attitudes of Brocklehurst, Miss Temple, Jane and the other girls, and briefly relating this scene to the novel as a whole. This essay will examineRead MoreComparing Jane Eyre, Cinderella, and Beauty and the Beast1830 Words   |  8 Pages Many themes are brought into the readers attention in Charlotte Brontà «s Jane Eyre and when first reading the novel, we all tend to see it as a work built around the theme of family and Janes continuous search for home and acceptance. The love story seems to fall into second place and I believe that the special relationship between Jane and Mr. Rochester needs to be thoroughly discussed and interpreted, because it holds many captivating elements, such as mystery, passion or evenRead MoreEssay about Jane Eyre: The Freedom of Love1842 Words   |  8 PagesParallel to many of the great feministic novels throughout literary history, Jane Eyre is a story about the quest for authentic love. However, Jane Eyre is unique and separate from other romantic pieces, in that it is also about a woman searching for a sense of self-worth through achieving a degree of independence. Orphaned and dismissed at an early age, Jane was born into a modest lifestyle that was characterized by a form of oppressive servitude of which she had no autonomy. She was busy spending

Attention levels in children Free Essays

Topic: Observe a child of under five years and comment on their attention levels in relation to the research carried out by Cooper, Moodey and Reynell (’78). Is their attention at an age appropriate level? Child observed: Hamza Age: 1 year 5 months Attention level develops as a child grows, it develops with age, helping a child concentrate better on his surroundings and learn new things. It is also very important for language development. We will write a custom essay sample on Attention levels in children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hamza is a one and a half year old child who is ery active and is seen getting into mischief at all times of the day. He has a single track of mind when it comes to doing things his way and he is seen playing with his toys for hardly a few minutes at a time. He is fonder of playing with electrical appliances and will cry and whine until he gets what he wants. Then one can see him playing and laughing for a long time. One of his favourite activities is playing with a torch light. He will sit on the floor and play with it, switching it on and off, until its atteries run out. Then he starts to whine and his attention has to be diverted with another activity. Hamza likes to open and close the drawers, causing frequent mishaps. At this time, he is not willing to listen to anyone who calls him and does not respond to his name being called out. At times, he screams if he is called over and over again while he is playing with the drawers, indicating that he did not like the interruption. He will rush back into the room and start opening them and exploring he contents of the drawer if someone carries him out and tries to divert his attention. Thus, he displays the rigid attention stage, as he is not easily distracted from his activities. The best way of distracting him is by getting him to play hide and seek. He will forget all about his mischievous activities and rush to search anyone who is hiding, peeping behind the curtains. Then one can see him playing for hours at an end, and frequently the adults get tired of his innocent play, but he continues o play happily, running to go and hide behind the curtains. Here again he displays the rigid attention stage, where he has to be distracted by an activity which he enjoys and the adult ahs to follow his lead, thus motivating him. He displays bouts of anger when he does not get what he wants or when things are not done as he pleases. His rigid attention stage is visible once again when it is time for him to eat. He will not eat a single morsel of food, no matter how he is coaxed until he sees an airplane flying by. As he s busy waving â€Å"Bye! to the airplane, one places a morsel of food into his mouth. After that his mother plays with him as she helps him finish his meal. At this stage he is beyond the fleeting attention stage, as he is better able to concentrate on what he is doing and enjoy his activities. However, he displays clear signs of rigid behavior at this age. Thus, his attention levels are at an age appropriate level in relation to the research by Cooper, Moodey and Reynell. How to cite Attention levels in children, Papers

Modern and Post Modern theory of Organization

Question: Describe about the Modern and Post Modern theory of Organization? Answer: An organization is a congregation of people working as a team under one roof, to achieve the goals of an organization. It can also be defined as the means of utilizing the strength of an individual working in a group (Robbins and Judge, 2014). The objective of forming an organization is to deliver services and products to their customers in a way that brings profit at the end of the transaction. The theories of Organization are categorized according to the eras in which they were established. Considered by many business analysts, academic researchers and economists, theories were formed which defines the dynamics of Business Organization (Czarniawska-Joerges, 2006). The theories of Organization, provides the consequence of Social Organization on approach and behaviour of interdisciplinary sections and the effect of personal traits or characteristics, of employees and employers, in the organization (Tsoukas and Chia, 2011). The sustainability, success and performance of the Organizati on and the mutual effects of environment are also determined by Organizational theories. The four basic theories of Organization are the Bureaucracy, rationalization (also known as Scientific), the division of labour and modernization theory. According to the bureaucracy theories, the officials are non-elected who makes rules and make the people of the organization follow them (Eriksson-Zetterquist, MuÃÅ'ˆllern and Styhre, 2011). The common example of Bureaucracy is the Public sector, the public universities etc. The Bureaucracy theory suggests an organization that is responsible in making decision regarding the administrative policy. The Scientific approach introduced a system and use of strategies and mathematical solutions (Bllingtoft et al., 2009). Scientific theory established formalization and specification of Objective. Setting goals helps in completion of a task, this concludes to a stable operation and logical organizational structure. The division of labour was introduced by Adam smith and eminent economist. This theory argues to justify the importance of distinct skill that results in increased productivity. The Modernization theory was executed when the world was witnessing a significant change popularly known as Urbanization (Hassard, 1993). Since then various theories were categorized under the modernization theory. The modernization theory has three important segmentation, they are: the first during 1950s and 1960s, the other during 1970s and 1980s and the third wave was during 1990s onward. The two selected theories in this study is the Modernization and Post modernization theory. The study further focuses on why these theories provide an alternative way of analysing and understanding. According to various researchers the modern world is full of power and energy which may not be controlled but they can be directed. Modernism consist four institutions they are surveillance, industrialism, capitalism and control of violence. Production in a competitive environment is focussed on making labour a commodity, and privatized ownership of a company (Utwente.nl, 2015). The Industrialism depends highly on machine, tools and equipments that required special skills to operate. This period exploited labour to a huge extent (Kenis, 2010). The post modernism was the time which was characterised by increased disparity based on the earlier periods of Modernism. Modernity brought a wave of change; these changes were from social to economic effect. The approach of Post modernity finds the atonement for shortcomings or mistakes accredited to modernity. Post modernity plays the critical part of identifying institutional progress that produces a sense of dispersion and fragmentation. The post modern theory introduced awareness like the ethical awareness, the social awareness, the innovative business strategy, globalization and many others. Among this Corporate social Responsibility is a very recent concept (Locke, 2003). In South Africa 1986, the leading beverage soft drink company Coca Cola took the responsibility to donate $1 million to fund to provide support for developing the educational and housing system and announced plans to sell its stock of 30% of major bottler and 55% canning operation. At that time Pepsi adhered to various social essentials to which they eventually suffered low market share (Moses and Vest, 2010). This was a strategy of Coke to get the market dominance. Coca cola Company in Columbia workers in Columbia made charges against the company. The company collaborated with the government of Columbia charging violent accusations on their workers. It was later investigated and found that more than hundred- eighty workers have been the victim of human rights violation for about 15 years (Gill, 2007). Majority workers were not unionized and worked for low wages. This was a big exploitation of Labour. As described in earlier the exploitation of Labour began in Industrial era. Thus Post modernism introduced a revolution, but it also had shortcomings of Labour exploitation. During 2004 to 2010, Coca cola started designing community programs; the company introduced a sustainability scheme. Coca-Cola started making people aware soft-drinks-related fitness and nutritional troubles and the mounting prevalence of fatness to which sugar-sweet beverage drinks contributed (Raman, 2007). This Scheme targeted atimproving its brand image to be committed to promoting explanations tothe global health-related unhelpful side-effects of modern lifestyles. This enhanced the modern theory by highlighting the needs of the customer more than the company (Adekola and Sergi, 2007). Though Coca cola was leading beverage drinks company yet its image of caring about it customers brought a significant change in its popularity. Following that scheme Coca cola introduced diet products and energy drinks and mineral waters to promote healthy lifestyle (Johnson, 2012). In modern day the coca cola company is considered to be decentralized to a high extent. It is a structure for approving modernism. In respect to that the company has two vital groups of operation; they are the corporate and the bottling investment (Williams and Curtis, 2007). The groups that perform various operations in the organization are divided into various groups according to the regions, like Latin America, European Union, the Pacific, Eurasia, Africa and likewise various other region. These groups are further distributed in to fragmented smaller regions (BOONE, 2012). The Organization and its supplementary recruits around 31,000 populations on global basis which can be considered as post modernism in positive aspect where livelihood is a creative process (Elmore, n.d.). Apart from concentrates, syrup and beverages which enhances the brand of the company and almost more than 230 other soft drink varieties are produced by the Company and its smaller units over 200 countries in the world (Clay, 2005). In addition of the beverage drink Minute Maid Company, the management structure of the companys operation is divided in five geographic groups. United States and Canada are included in the North American group (Isdell and Beasley, 2011). In the Latin American group, the crosswise South and Central America operations, like from Argentina to Mexicos end, are also included (Luo, 2004). The group of Europe moves from Russia in east, to Greenland. Some markets in Eastern Europe are accepted to have the most developed markets. In African and Middle Eastern countries the group has spread in all over those areas. The structure of the company is combined with both organic as well as mechanic model of team working which the respective areas of the company is on the sensitive part (Huth, 2008). The flexibility and stability of the company along with the high standardization and centralization indicates the mechanistic model configuration. The Organic model structure can be found through the low and high standardization, the efficiency, the complex and simple centralization and the down and top approach (Burton, 2006). Both the structures seem to be ideal for the company. The crucial function of the company is to be flexible. This effort of Coca-Cola is to establish more in large and diverse number so they could do well in the market (Sabmiller.com, 2015). To be efficient in production the continuity of maintaining high standard had become a crucial task for the organization. Utilizing integration of complex nature mechanistic model estimates the clear concept of coordination of the company in global forum (Daft and Marcic, 2014). The organizational deliberation in the chains with the companys goal is kept by the centralization process. The flow of information runs smoothly in every direction because of the easy access by the upper management, which is a modernistic advantage (Burton, DeSanctis and Obel, 2006). The significant strategic dynamic structure that the company has to maintain throughout its existence has influenced their goal (Lowitt, n.d.). The employees were satisfied and that concluded to good sales for the company. The organization is putting its effort to develop a creative tradition by moving towards decentralization even though it seems that it is not satisfied with the trend in beverage industry. In Coca cola Company the business level strategy is unique since the company is famous to apply creative strategy in promotional marketing which helps to promote its brand name by recognizing a major benefit source for any kind of business and it gives and upper hand to creative marketing tool (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt, 2008). Recently the output process is the biggest reason for lack of stability for the company as previously stated the company doesnt produce the end product but its distributors comes up with the end product . The main structural characteristic of the company applies the mass production is a mechanic structure where potential production is compulsory end (French and Schermerhorn, 2008). In the year 1977 the Minister of Industries of India invoked a specific provision regarding Foreign Exchange Regulation Act which stated that international companies have to dilute their equity shares to their Indian units of about 40%, in order to remain in the country (Gopinath and Prasad, 2012). Coca-Cola refused to be a part and then made an exit from India (Thehindu.com, 2015). On October 1993 Coca Cola returned in India which rejoiced the millions of Coca-Cola consumers in India. This was when the economy of India became flexible for foreign market. The plan to re enter the economy began in 1990, when they planned to make a joint venture with the Parle group which was leading in 60% of Soft drinks in India (Fernando, 2010). This strategic alliance became a landmark in the Indian economic history as Coke acquired some of the stable brands of Parle like Thumbs up and finally made an access to the nationwide infrastructure of bottling distribution. In a firm the increase in econom ies of scale is done by increasing the productivity level and decreasing the cost level in an average (Browne, 2001). According to Operating Synergy theory, merging or joint venture helps in higher levels of activity. This theory also applied in the merging of Coca Cola and Parle group (C. FOLTZ, ARACI and KARGIN, 2015). After the re-entry of Coca cola in the Indian market, the company was marked as an inspirational symbol of global consumer citizenship for the corporate and the upper class Indians for disposed material and resources recognized as symbolic ingredients to fuel the consumption (Pride and Ferrell, nod.). The company had to face issues in rural areas and villages of India (Ciafone, 2012). The communities accused the company to pollute the ground water to which the country started facing severe water crisis (Rt.com, 2015). This is a big example of Environmentalism of the poor. The Environmentalism of the poor is a conflict of ecological resources which also includes social claim for justice, impoverished struggle for population culture and autonomy (MartÊÂ ¹inez-Alier, 2002). Today the company has been dealing with higher level of uncertainty when it has to deal with natural resources because of some ingredient (Vault.com, 2015). The company now has two to one dependable and viable suppliers. Coca Cola is now famous for its five main tools; they are quality, availability, marketing, innovation and its brand. It has a flexible structure and aims on enhancing their distribution of finance, the product the marketing and the research and development. In order to maintain an efficient operation the company hugely focuses on team work. In every product development the company gathers a group of experts for analyzing and estimating the possibilities (Coca-colacompany.com, 2015). Even the daily decision making process is also done on a panel basis. The Organizational accumulations continue to be under attack for three basic reasons: they disobey human rights, they weaken state authority, and they apposite living resources. The vital resource is their employees, communities in locality and the broader civil society. The degree of certain concerns is hugely drawing awareness in the developing countries, where corporate-led globalization treats by violating international Guidelines, including those of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the UN (Barkay, 2011). References Adekola, A. and Sergi, B. (2007).Global business management. Burlington (Vt.): Ashgate. Barkay, T. (2011). When Business and Community Meet: A Case Study of Coca-Cola.Critical Sociology, 39(2), pp.277-293. Bllingtoft, A., HaÃÅ'Ã…  konsson, D., Nielsen, J., Snow, C. and Ulhi, J. (2009).New Approaches to Organization Design. Boston, MA: Springer-Verlag US. BOONE, L. (2012).Contemporary marketing, 2013 update. [s.l.]: Cengage learning custom p. Browne, D. (2001).Heinemann business studies for AS level. Oxford: Heinemann. Burton, R. (2006).Organization design. New York, NY: Springer. Burton, R., DeSanctis, G. and Obel, B. (2006).Organizational design. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. FOLTZ, J., ARACI, D. and kargin, m. (2015).Mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, and consolidations in agribusiness: an example of acquisition (acquisition of continental grain by cargill). 1st ed. Ciafone, A. (2012). If Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola Then Cold Drink Means Toilet Cleaner: Environmentalism of the Dispossessed in Liberalizing India.International Labor and Working-Class History, 81, pp.114-135. Clay, J. (2005).Exploring the links between international business and poverty reduction. Oxford, UK: Oxfam GB. Coca-colacompany.com, (2015).Coca-Cola - 2013 Year in Review - Operating Groups. [online] Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/annual-review/2013/operating_groups.html [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Czarniawska-Joerges, B. (2006).Organization theory. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Daft, R. and Marcic, D. (2014).Building management skills. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Elmore, B. (n.d.).Citizen Coke. Eriksson-Zetterquist, U., MuÃÅ'ˆllern, T. and Styhre, A. (2011).Organization theory. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ Pr. Fernando, A. (2010).Business ethics and corporate governance. Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India), licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia. French, R. and Schermerhorn, J. (2008).Organizational behaviour. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Gill, L. (2007). `Right There with You': Coca-Cola, Labor Restructuring and Political Violence in Colombia.Critique of Anthropology, 27(3), pp.235-260. Gopinath, C. and Prasad, A. (2012). Toward a critical framework for understanding MNE operations: Revisiting Coca-Cola's exit from India.Organization, 20(2), pp.212-232. Hassard, J. (1993).Sociology and organization theory. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. Huth, T. (2008).Organizing cross-functional new product development projects. [Germany]: Betriebswirtschaftlicher Verlag Dr. Th. Gabler. Ireland, R., Hoskisson, R. and Hitt, M. (2008).Understanding business strategy. Mason, OH.: South-Western Cengage Learning. Isdell, E. and Beasley, D. (2011).Inside Coca-Cola. New York: St. Martin's Press. Johnson, C. (2012).Organizational ethics. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Kenis, P. (2010).A Review of: Organization development: Principles, processes, performance by Gary N. McLean. [Review of the book Organization development: Principles, processes, performance, G.N. McLean, 2005]. Locke, E. (2003).Post modernism and management. Amsterdam: JAI. Lowitt, E. (n.d.).The collaboration economy. Luo, Y. (2004).Coopetition in international business. Denmark: Copenhagen Business School Press. MartÊÂ ¹inez-Alier, J. (2002).The environmentalism of the poor. Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub. Moses, C. and Vest, D. (2010). Coca-Cola and PepsiCo in South Africa: A Landmark Case in Corporate Social Responsibility, Ethical Dilemmas, and the Challenges of International Business.Journal of African Business, 11(2), pp.235-251. Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. (n.d.).Foundations of marketing. Raman, K. (2007). CommunityCoca-Cola Interface: Political-Anthropological Concerns on Corporate Social Responsibility.Social Analysis, 51(3), pp.103-120. Robbins, S. and Judge, T. (2014).Essentials of organizational behavior. Boston: Pearson. Rt.com, (2015).Coca-Cola forced to close India bottling factory over excessive water use, pollution. [online] Available at: https://rt.com/news/167012-coca-cola-factory-closed-india/ [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Sabmiller.com, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.sabmiller.com/docs/default-source/press-releases/2014/coca-cola-beverages-africa-investor-presentation-november-2014.pdf?sfvrsn=2 [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Thehindu.com, (2015).The Hindu : Coca-Cola's continuing saga on equity. [online] Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/biz/2002/06/10/stories/2002061000150200.htm [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Tsoukas, H. and Chia, R. (2011).Research in the sociology of organizations. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Utwente.nl, (2015).Modernization Theory. [online] Available at: https://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Media,%20Culture%20and%20Society/Modernization%20Theory/ [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Vault.com, (2015).The Coca-Cola Company|Company Profile|Vault.com. [online] Available at: https://www.vault.com/company-profiles/food-beverage/the-coca-cola-company/company-overview.aspx [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Williams, J. and Curtis, T. (2007).CIM Coursebook 07/08 Marketing Management in Practice. Burlington: Elsevier Science Technology.

Racism Essays - Discrimination, Hatred, Racism, Race And Society

Racism Racism is an evil that can destroy socitiy. America is a nation of immigrants and, as such it?s a diverse society where racism and prejudice have no place. Everyone came here from somewhere. Our country is based on the phrase, ?All men are created equal.? We are a diverse nation where racism and prejudice are unwarranted. Racism hurts people. Racism has been present in our world for more than 3,000 years. Take African-Americans, before the Million Man March, Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement, black people were given less respect than dogs. For the first century of our country?s existence, blacks were slaves with no rights. Even after the Civil War freed them, there was no equal opportunity and much oppression of them by whites, particularly in the South. They were constant targets of violence and were put to death by racist hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and Nazis. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.?s civil rights movement was the first step towards a truly de-segregated America. If it had not been for people like Dr. King, Maya Angelou and other strong-willed and just people, the country would probably still have two types of rest rooms-- one for whites and one for blacks. Racism has been running rampant in our country through out history. In the United States during World War II, citizens of Japanese origin were taken form their homes on the West Coast and moved to inland camps by our government because, after the Japanese attack on pearl Harbor, our -2- government made a generalization abut the Japanese. It decided that the Japanese Americans were a threat and so they decided to put them in camps. These camps were internment camps, not harsh like concentration camps, but devastating for people who considered themselves -- and were -- every bit as loyal citizens as the people who were incarcerating them. In society today people look for an easy way out of problems. Most of the time, they can just blame their problems on other people or other races, just as the Nazis did with the Jews, the Gypsies and others in Nazi Germany. Hitler was scared of different people so he felt he had to exterminate 6 million of them. When people behave in this prejudiced way, they just make themselves seem ignorant. One of the darkest periods in American history was when we massacred the American Indians so we could settle their lands. Why did we betray and kill the Indians? We killed them because they were different, because we were afraid of them and because we wanted their land. People assume because they were not white and were not as industrialized as white people that they were a lesser race. After we massacred most of the Indians we put the remanning on reservations specifically for Indians. People who are racist or prejudice are ignorant and do not see what Indians can contribute to the country. By killing the Indians the world was deprived of what the Indians might of contributed. If people could see beyond ethnic origin racism would not be a problem.

The Essence of Chinatown Essays

The Essence of Chinatown Essays The Essence of Chinatown Essay The Essence of Chinatown Essay Essay Topic: Chinatown It is Chinese New Year. The hustle and bustle of trade, the haggling of prices fills the air as people jostle through the crowd to buy that kilogram of barbecued pork, or that bunch of golden rat-shaped decorations to welcome the year of the Rat. However, many people simply run through the epicentre of joyful noise and energy that can only be Chinatown without stopping to wonder at the past it possesses and the reason for its existence in a predominantly Chinese Singapore. Modern day Chinatown I stand silently at the start of Pagoda Street and look down from my vantage point of an overhead bridge to see a place that embodies the very story of Chinatown is the Chinatown Heritage Centre. Sitting right in the center of Chinatown, it is a quaint shop house that has been converted into a wealth of memories and untold stories. These stories are showed to the public on three different levels and exhibit the lives of early settlers. It traces the evolution and growth of both Chinatown and the Chinese people of Singapore, from coolie workers and maids to bosses and politicians. The Heritage Centre shows why Chinatown is the way it is in modern day Singapore. It tells the story of a place that never really sleeps through an exhibit called â€Å"Where the day never ends† and tells us of how Chinatown was always rampant with festive mood during celebrations like the Lunar New Year. Like present day Chinatown, the Chinatown of the past was an energetic place whenever Chinese festivals were around the corner. When asked about what the Heritage Centre taught him, a secondary school student whom I interviewed on location told me, â€Å"This place shows us that that every Chinese person had a stake in Chinatown. It also teaches me not to forget my roots,† The Heritage Centre, for many youth, also carries a cautionary tale against the four vices of life. An exhibit details the lives of people who have fallen to opium smoking, prostitution, gambling and secret societies and is still a relevant warning to today’s Chinese population in Singapore about the dangers of indulging in forbidden pleasures. A Prostitute’s Room I asked one shopper why she went to Chinatown to visit the Heritage Centre and I was told that, â€Å"Chinatown is the place many Chinese had lived in the past. I am a Chinese and I really like to know what my roots are,† What she said clearly highlights to us why Singapore needs a Chinatown: Cultural identity. The Heritage Centre tells us that Chinatown has existed ever since Singapore was conceptualised as a colonial state. The place was characterised by shop houses that possessed five-foot walkways and cramped quarters on the upper floors. Large scale immigration forced occupants of Chinatown to stay in small, cramped and sordid cubicles that lacked proper sanitation and facilities. People squeezed together, sometimes seven in cubicle. However, Chinatown was more than just a living quarter for the Chinese migrants who came by boat from mainland China. It was a retail location for uniquely Chinese goods, a uniquely Chinese socialisation ground which gave birth to the coffee shops that we see in contemporary Singapore. A life-sized model of such coffee shops can be seen in the Heritage Centre. Chinatown was, most importantly, a place representative of escape from oppression, poverty and injustice in mainland China. My late great-grand mother, who came from China with nothing but the clothes on her back once told me that, â€Å"Chinatown, although small, cramp and noisy, was the home away from home for many, a place where Chinese people put down new roots and built new lives for themselves and their descendants. † I believe that this spirit of emancipation and determination to make it in the world is what is so beautiful about Chinatown’s Heritage Centre. While Singapore is a multi-racial nation that does not discriminate creeds, race or religion, it is undeniably mixed in its racial denominations to a very high degree. As such, people need to hold on to their cultural identity. Unlike many other countries where Chinese are not the dominant race and thus need a Chinatown, Singapore’s Chinese population needs a Chinatown not to give them a sense of home, but to satisfy a deep-seated need to retain the uniqueness of being Chinese while becoming Singaporean all the time. Chinese, like all other races, need a place where we can identify with both culturally and, on a deeper level, spiritually. We need a place that tells us who we are and where we really came from and Chinatown provides us with that cultural belonging and identity. Chinatown is â€Å"where Chinese go to be Chinese and not worry about how we would be looked at, simply because it is Chinatown,† as said by a passer-by when I asked him what Chinatown meant to him as a Chinese person. When I started primary research, I did not expect such a deep-rooted sense of belonging to Chinatown in the Chinese people because even I, a Chinese, did not have great attachment for the place. However, I have come to understand that Chinatown is more than a place. It is a record book, a place that history has etched its mark on to educate and enlighten future generations of Chinese people. Therefore, the true idea behind why we need a Chinatown in Singapore is because the essence of the Chinese people is the essence of Chinatown.

PRESIDENCY OF THOMAS JEFFERSON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PRESIDENCY OF THOMAS JEFFERSON - Essay Example er at the White House  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone."(Wikipedia Jefferson.) This staunch advocate of liberty and religious freedom, was born on April 13 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia. A diligent student, he graduated with top honors from the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg in 1762, and then went on to study law, being admitted to the Virginia bar in 1767. He had a passion for learning languages and began studying Latin Greek and French very early. At college he was introduced to the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton whom he referred to as the "three greatest men the world had ever produced."(Bernstein Jefferson pg 95). This â€Å"Man of the People† as he was fondly known, had numerous achievements to his credit, but he wanted to be remembered as the founder of the University of Virginia, the author of the Declaration of American Independence and the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom. His dream of founding a new institution of higher learning, where students could specialize in new areas; was realized in 1819, with the founding of the University of Virginia. When it opened in 1825, it was then the first university to offer elective courses to its students. Jefferson is widely recognized for his architectural planning of the University grounds, an innovative design whose center was the library which he considered to be the fountainhead of knowledge. His educational idea of creating specialized units of learning is physically expressed in the layout of his campus plan, which he called the "Academical Village†. Jefferson died on the Fourth of July, 1826, at the age of 83 on the 50 th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, that he had authored. The Jefferson presidency (1801 – 1809)was the first to start and end in the White House although at the time it was known as the Presidential Mansion. It was a turbulent time in American history. His first term

Violent Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Violent Culture - Essay Example One major environmental factor that influences violent behavior in teens is the media, which includes television, Internet, music, and videogames. "The American Academy of Pediatrics reported that children between 2 and 18 years of age spend 6.5 to 8 hours a day watching television, videotapes, movies, and videogames. The average young person, by age 18, has seen 200,000 acts of violence on television alone (Lavers, 2002, 68)." Television has become a major part of our children's lives and violence from programming is becoming embossed into the psyche of children. Cartoon violence and fictitious movies with shoot-them-up antics are not the only problem. News reports also play a major role in brocading violence to our children by glamorizing school shootings and showing images of American soldiers fighting and dying in Iraq. These reports give children the idea that if you bring a gun to school then you will become famous and that it is all right to hurt people that hurt you because t he American government are killing the terrorist that hurt the country. Music lyrics have gotten more violent over the decades as well.

A Sociological Perspective on the Drug War

A Sociological Perspective on the Drug War Kelli Piperata Introduction The War on Drugs has been going on for many years. Drugs were never the target of this war, but racism was. Today, in the modern era of the drug war, it is not just a war on race, but also a war on the lower-social class societies. This essay will briefly give examples of the history in which some of the first laws against drugs were enacted and show the conflicting racial and social class issues that are raised as well as a sociological functional perspective. Class Conflict and Racial Conflict The modern era of the War on Drugs seems to target not only minorities, but also white lower-class citizens as well. The gap between the rich and poor is not getting smaller, but rather becoming larger. Many lower-class individuals want to gain upward mobility within society, but have limited resources to accomplish these means. These individuals may suffer from what sociologists call relative deprivation, the social or economic inequality for individuals that cannot achieve legitimate ways of success. These individuals seek out a means to achieve this social mobility by selling drugs, or cultivating drugs to make financial gain. Others may be a product of their environment and may be shaped in a certain fashion that leads them to crime. These lower-class societies are oppressed by capitalism. Most individuals seek out a better life and have the American Dream, but that dream is only a reality for very few within poorer communities. From a historical view, looking at the War on Drugs, it has always been a racial divide. The War on Drugs has almost always been a war on race, not drugs. From the beginning of written drug laws that have been enforced, they have always targeted a race. For example, first the target was towards the Chinese immigrants in California with the opium ban in San Francisco in 1875. Moreover, after that the Hispanics from Mexico were targeted and blamed, hence came the Marijuana Tax Act in 1937. When the opium ban was enacted, white middle-class and upper-class men felt that white women belonging in these classes were being seduced by the opium dens. However, these opium dens were used by a small percentage of Oriental immigrants and white women of the upper-class did not frequent these establishments. White men created an outrage in the public eye and the first anti-opium legislation was passed. The opium legislation that was passed in 1937 can be directly attributed to racism, white conser vative men were scared and felt threatened by the Chinese cultures and ways so they moved to alienate them as well as have them moved out of the United States territories. Racism is still a key contributor to the War on Drugs, individuals such as Donald Trump made racism the backbone of his campaign. Trump focused on Mexico, claiming that they are rapists and drug dealers, calling them bad hombres. Additionally, the political platform was used to divide the United States and create a myth that minority immigrants, mostly consist of drug dealers and law breaking offenders. Statistical data shows differently, according to Philip Bump from the Washington Post: [D]ata from the census and a wide range of other empirical studies show that for every ethnic group without exception, incarceration rates among young men are lowest for immigrants, even those who are the least educated. This holds true especially for the Mexicans, Salvadorans and Guatemalans, who make up the bulk of the undocumented population. (Ruben Rumbaut, University of California, 2008. Published by the Police Foundation.) Donald Trumps campaign directly targeted, discriminated, alienated, and generalized a whole group of individuals. A Functional Perspective The question needs to be asked, why does the United States continue the War on Drugs? Drugs contribute to the economy in numerous ways. Prisoners within the correction departments help the private institutions with financial gain by producing products for around twenty-five cents an hour. These prisoners are capitalist slaves; they do rigorous work at minimum costs for companies that make immense profits off of these products. In addition, another contributing factor of the drug war is the jobs it creates: police officers, judges, correctional officers, drug testing companies, etc. Robert Mertons theory of structural function is seen within these institutions, the institutions serve a purpose of keeping offenders out of the public and in return the offenders do labor for business and are paid a subsistent wage. The institutional workers (the quasi group) all fulfill their roles in society by performing the tasks and maintenance required within these institutions. The main purpose for the continuance of the drug war is the economic gain within society. Conclusion The War on Drugs has been going on for years, it may have started out racially directed but in the modern era it has shifted to target both racial minorities and the lower-class in society. This war has created social class conflict as well as racial conflict and these conflicts will continue well into the future, unless institutions are stopped from making a financial gain. References Bump, Philip. Surprise! Donald Trump is Wrong about Immigrants and Crime. 2 July 2015. The Washington Post. Print. 2 February 2017. George Ritzer, Jeffery Stepnisky. Classical Theories, Emile Durkheim: From Mechanical to Organic Solidarity. George Ritzer, Jeffery Stepnisky. Contemporary Sociolgical Theory and Its Classical Roots. New York, Ny: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 15-19. Print. George Ritzer, Jeffery Stepnisky. Classical Theories: Karl Marx, From Capitalsim to Communism. George Ritzer, Jeffery Stepnisky. Contemporary Sociolgical Theories and Its Classical Roots. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 21-30. Print. George Ritzer, Jeffery Stepnisky. Contemporary Grand Theories, Structural Functionalism. George Ritzer, Jeffery Stepnisky. Contemporary Sociolgical Theories and Its Classical Roots. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 72-88. Print. Goode, Erich. A History of Drug Control. Goode, Erich. Drugs In American Society. New York, Ny: McGraw-Hill, 2015. 40-47. Print.

The Great Gatsby Essay examples -- English Literature

The Great Gatsby In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s book The Great Gatsby the narrator, Nick Caraway makes a statement that, in my opinion, reveals to the reader why the book is called The Great Gatsby. â€Å"They’re a rotten crowd† Nick shouted across the lawn to Gatsby â€Å"You're worth the whole damn lot put together.† I agree with Nicks statement because Gatsby has outstanding values that differ and set him apart from the other characters in the book. Also the one main feature that really sets him apart from the crowd and makes him worth more than the whole crowd is his ability to set himself goals and achieve them. He had a dream, An American Dream. Throughout the book Gatsby is portrayed as a mysterious character. The first impressions of Gatsby, which are conveyed to the reader, are through gossip. This is mainly due to Gatsby’s inaccessibility. He surrounds himself with people but never interacts, instead opting to watch other people enjoy themselves. The rumours about Gatsby are abundant and come from the very people who take advantage of his hospitality. Jordan and the two twins, tell Nick at one of Gatsby’s parties â€Å"Somebody told me that he killed a man.† There are also disputes about which country he fought for in the war. As one man tells Nick â€Å"I heard that from a man who knew all about him, grew up with him in Germany.† This is opposed by another woman at the party saying, â€Å"It couldn’t be that because he was in the American army during the war.† Gatsby’s wealth which is also a mystery to begin with, adds to his mysterious reputation. Despite these rumours circulating about Gatsby our first real impression of Gatsby is a positive one, â€Å"He smiled understandingly- much more than understanding... ...for he is always searching for more. For example in the beginning he wanted to obtain wealth, he achieved that and then he wanted more in the form of love; Daisy. Although in the end it is that drive that brings him down. Gatsby lived life to try and catch the attention of one woman, Daisy Fay, and he almost attained that goal but never quite reached it. When the dream was gone, he had nothing left to live for. In conclusion the American Dream that Gatsby had created for himself improved him as a person. Fitzgerald has created Gatsby as a more exciting and mysterious character than any in the story. Gatsby is the only character that had the ability to set himself goals and achieve them. Although this ability brought about his downfall it was the only thing that Gatsby had to live for. For these reasons, Gatsby is â€Å"worth the whole damn lot put together.†

Divergent Minds

Divergent character or Divergent personality Thesis Statement on Personality vs Character: Even though society may have an impact to change our character, our decision is the ultimate factor that changes as we accommodate in the environment we live in. While parents have a major influence in our life at young age, what they instill is what has been created by their parents and their surrounding. We grow up with certain types of personalities from our parents but our characters are challenged or molded within our lifetime and who we are behind closed doors have made us to be divergent with society.The book â€Å"Divergent† by Veronica Roth shows how society can have an impact on ones personality but a persons character may never change. While parents have a major influence in our life at young age, Should our characters be challenged or molded by our surrounding? because I believe that personality traits and character traits are misunderstood. while personality is the first thi ng we see in a person such like a mask that someone would wear, we downsize the fact that a persons character is really who they are under pressure or alone in there room from the unseen eye of society.Personality perceives personality but who we are is rooted in our hidden character which are uniquely shaped by the surroundings in life, society, and culture we live in and Ironically, research has shown that personality traits are determined largely by heredity and are mostly immutable. Character traits, as opposed to personality traits, are based on beliefs (e. g, that honesty and treating others well is important—or not), and though beliefs can be changed, it's far harder than most realize.

Security Defence Policy

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6443 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter I The History and Development of the Common Security and Defence Policy Since its beginnings with the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952, the European Union has moved far beyond economic ideas of a single market, a single currency or the removal of all trade barriers. The European Union has become more and more politically integrated as member states place a growing number of policy areas previously held nationally in the hands of the supranational and intergovernmental institutions of the European Union. While prior attempts to bring security and defence issues or foreign policy matters into a European Union framework were largely ineffective, the last ten years have shown an important shift in these areas, leading the European Union to adopt not only a Common Foreign and Security Policy but also a Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) as well as a concise European Union Security Strategy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Security Defence Policy | Politics Dissertation" essay for you Create order This dissertation will argue that while the European Union is becoming increasingly integrated in areas pertaining to defence and has produced a framework for a Common Security and Defence Policy, serious shortcomings prevent the CSDP from becoming an effective military tool in the near to medium future.Over the past 60 years, the European countries have worked to agree a common framework and a common policy on defence.Now the EU must back the rhetoric and institutions which have emerged from this cooperation with capabilities. This thesis will argue that there is a substantial gap between current European defence capabilities and its aspirations in the field and explain which underlying factors contribute to this gap, despite clear rhetorical commitments to the Common Security and Defence Policy.This gap will need to be overcome if the EU wants to realise its ambitions.It will contrast European Union defence aims, as expressed in European Union publications, with actual European Union defence capabilities and institutions and experiences in the field.This thesis will also analyse whether more fundamental differences regarding strategy or political unwillingness to commit to military action add to the capabilities-aspirations gap. The conditions for a common defence policy are almost as good as after the Second World War, due to the progressive retreat of US forces from Europe, and the deeper integration between European countries.The reduction of US military personnel in Europe could lead EU member states to take security more into their own hands as reliance on US protection becomes less assured.This does not mean that the US is abandoning Europe but rather that US strategic and geopolitical interests have shifted away from Europe. This is illustrated by the substantial reduction of US troops stationed in Europe.Due to the size and state of European forces, coordinated and joint efforts to ensure Europes security make more sense from a financial and a security perspective than if for example Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands or Austria each had armies aimed at guaranteeing their own security (which they cannot do effectively anyway). This thesis will assume that cooperation and durable peace between EU member states is a given.In this context, the EU has formulated its Defence and Security policy, which is arguably Europes most ambitious project of integration as security has traditionally been an area that has remained under the control of national governments and therefore only reaches an intergovernmental mode of cooperation at the EU level.Nevertheless, the CSDP has set relatively clear goals for itself, which go beyond mere ideas of achieving a defence pact such as NATO.In fact, the CSDP appears to concentrate on the Petersberg tasks[1] leaving territorial defence completely in the realm of NATO and of the member states. These goals include, but are not limited to, bringing stability to the Unions periphery, becoming a more persuasive and active global player, to improve European military capabilities to such a level as to allow the EU to take on the first two tasks, to build a comprehensive crisis management policy including civilian elements and finally to establish a common strategic culture in Europe that would bring the geopolitical objectives of EU member states closer together. However, despite excellent conditions to achieve these objectives and a global and European environment favouring the development of a defence policy, the CSDP fails to establish the conditions necessary to the realisation of its own ambitions laid out in chapter two.This work will demonstrate where the greatest discrepancies between aspirations and realities lie and where the CSDP and its participating member states lack the most.These areas will mostly mirror the ambitions that were analysed in the second chapter, in essence, the modernisation of armies, the development of adequate capabilities for the strategic goals the EU has set itself and the development of a common strategic culture.The third chapter will also analyse the conditions underlying the difficulties, which have to be overcome in order to fulfill the ambitions, for example, the lack of a single market in defence matters in the Union or the lack of political will to integrate defence competencies.A case study will il lustrate how these deficiencies translate into the theatre of operation and what lessons can be learned from the missions undertaken for the CSDP. The relationship with NATO is also important in understanding the limits or at least obstacles the CSDP might encounter before reaching the dimensions it aims to achieve.One must therefore understand whether NATO and the CSDP are mutually exclusive, competing against each other or even complementing each other.Does the CSDP progress when NATO regresses and vice versa?Which organisation will remain the preferred organisation for self-defence on the one hand and force projection operations on the other hand? Is a work-sharing scenario likely where NATO would take on high-end military operations whereas CSDP would focus on low-end military operations and civilian missions?The fourth chapter will argue that while NATO has weakened politically in recent years, it will certainly not be done away with.One may however argue that the creation of a European Pillar within NATO is becoming more likely.The role Canada has played and could play in the CSDP will also be discussed.This dissertation will argue that Canada often finds itself between a rock and a hard place in NATO and that it should allow itself some flexibility for working with both NATO and the CSDP, separately if necessary.The security values Canada traditionally shares with Europe could help to be the common ground to establish a permanent link between Canadas armed forces and the CSDP. Overview of the Chapters The first chapter broadly examines the history of European defence and security cooperation and its institutions since 1945 and looks more specifically at the period from the Saint-Malo summit of 1998 to now, as the Saint-Malo agreement between France and the United Kingdom effectively led to the Common Security and Defence Policy in its current form.This includes examining relevant treaties, agreements and summits of this period in order to give an account of how the current legal and institutional framework came about. A historical perspective is relevant, because it provides insight into the dynamics of European politics, which are hindering the development of a single strategic culture.It also provides the reader with background and historical information regarding European politics and the balancing of currently 27 national interests at the European Union level, which is discussed in more detail in chapters two and three. Chapter One also outlines the efforts, which have been made to back the Common Foreign and Security Policy with defence elements, i.e. the Common Security and Defence Policy as well as the relationship between Foreign and Defence Policy of the EU. The second chapter focuses on the major aspirations of the Common Security and Defence Policy by analysing statements of European leaders and European Union officials during summits, as documented in press releases and European Union publications.While the 2010 Headline goals represent imminent and concrete aspirations, this thesis also assesses the objectives aspired to in the European Security Strategy, which states that the European Union needs to be more active in pursuing our strategic objectives. This applies to the full spectrum of instruments for crisis management and conflict prevention at our disposal, including political, diplomatic, military and civilian, trade and development activities.[2]The second chapter, therefore, includes not only a description of the current defence institutions of the European Union, but also identifies the forum used for the majority of discussions in the defence realm. The aim of Chapter two is to provide the reader with an insight to the underlying politics and dynamics, which drive and hamper the process of European integration in general and the development of a Common Security and Defence Policy in particular.It focuses particularly on the positions and attitudes of the big three of European politics, namely France, Germany and the United Kingdom, and includes an analysis of the traditional French preference for European Defence options and the British turnaround on the European Security and Defence Policy since Saint-Malo. The third chapter addresses the conditions that have to be met to build an operational military force for the EU.It analyses the existing institutional framework and the capabilities currently in place for the European Security and Defence Policy in order to highlight its deficiencies. Furthermore, it assesses the impact of mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and joint research and development programs of European defence firms. Chapter three also outlines the budgetary constraints that limit the development of such capabilities.It focuses on the military aspects of the CSDP as civilian aspects of international mission are largely deemed to be exceeding international standards.One should however note that the EU sees the CSDP as a combination of civilian and military crisis management tools. Chapter three also contains a case study briefly outlining the missions and operations undertaken under the European Security and Defence Policy, in order to draw lessons from these missions.The thesis takes into account which countries are in command for specific European Security and Defence Policy missions and what in fact constitutes a mission under the European Security and Defence Policy, since the military scope of some missions is not always evident.The third chapter also suggests changes to European Union security thinking and the common strategic culture of Europe that need to occur in order for the European Union to develop its defence aspirations. The fourth chapter addresses the relationship between the European Security and Defence Policy and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.Canadas relationship with the European Security and Defence Policy will also be considered.It will argue that for the time being, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation remains the primary defence forum, at least in terms of territorial defence and for major operations, as military missions depend largely on the military might of the United States.It examines the divide in strategic thinking in the European Union where key member states such as the United Kingdom or some Central and Eastern European Countries prefer to maintain the North Atlantic Treaty Organisations primacy, whereas others, for example France or Ireland, appear to favour a European option. However, it also explains how and why the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation has been regressing as an institution in Europe as European Union defence cooperation has been progressing since the end of the Cold War. It also shows that while large-scale operations remain dependent on US and thereby NATO input, military missions with limited scale can now be carried out by European forces on their own.This makes the creation of a European pillar within NATO an increasingly likely option.Chapter four also offers a section focusing on the issues and opportunities the changes to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and the Common Security and Defence Policy present for Canada. This thesis will then conclude with an outlook to the future of European security and defence cooperation.It will address the prospects of a continued European Union cooperation and assess the impact this would have on the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation framework.For this assessment, it will draw from previously made arguments and offer a concluding view of the aspiration-capabilities gap of the Common Security and Defence Policy, largely dependent on changes to the strategic culture and the security thinking of Europeans. The Rise and Fall of the European Defence Community With the Berlin crisis of 1947, the separation of Germany in the late 1940s and the growth of communism worldwide, the United States concluded that all Western European states including West Germany needed to contribute more to their own defences.However, its European neighbours, in particular France, viewed West Germanys rearmament very critically.This resulted in France drafting its own plan for Europes defence, the European Defence Community (EDC). In 1950, Ren Pleven, the French President of the Council, todays equivalent of the countrys prime minister, issued a proposal for the EDC, in response to American calls for the rearmament of West Germany. The plan aimed to build a transnational European defence force as an alternative to Germanys accession to NATO. It intended to control the military strength of the new German state supranationally in proportion with possible conflicts with the Soviet bloc. The EDC parties were France, West Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries. On 27 May 1952, a treaty creating the EDC was signed.It was, however, never ratified by all parties and thus never came into effect. The plan collapsed when the French Assemble Nationale voted against its ratification. Some Gaullists feared that the EDC would infringe on Frances national sovereignty.Other conservatives had concerns about the constitutional indivisibility of the French Republic (i.e. subjecting it to some kind of supranational authority) and about the remilitarization of Germany. Communists and other leftists opposed a plan tying France to the capitalist United States, and setting it in opposition to the Soviet bloc. The absence of the United Kingdom from the EDC was also of concern to some parties. In other words, the same parties and ideologies (with the exception of some Gaullists) that opposed the EDC in 1954, opposed the European Constitution in a referendum over 50 years later.The French National Assembly voted against ratifying the EDC treaty on 30 August 1954 by a vote of 319 no to 264 yes votes.[3] Along with the above ideological issues, important disjuncture between the original Pleven Plan of 1950, and the plan of 1954 lead to its defeat. Many preferred the original plan of Pleven to the draft that went to ratification before parliament a few years later. The EDC would have established a European military, formed by troops committed to it by national forces. French, Italian, Belgian, Dutch and Luxembourg forces would report to their national governments under coordination of the EDC, whereas bureaucrats of the supranational EDC would control the German component.Due to fears of a remilitarised Germany, the EDC member states agreed that the German government would not have control over its own military. Interestingly, in the event that the EDC would fail, the parties agreed to allow Germany to control its own military. Since the EDC was designed as a common defence army, most countries would only have committed territorial defence forces, not capable of engaging into the expeditionary missions it envisages for the CSDP today.[4]The EDC also provided to put in place common equipment procurements. It would have had a centralised budget, arms and institutions, its structure would have been more integrated and more supranational than the EU is under the Treaty of Lisbon, even in economic matters.[5]Today, the European Union, NATO and to an increasingly limited extent the Western European Union all carry out some of the functions that were envisaged for the EDC.However, these organisations do not reach the degree of integration and supranationality the EDC would have provided for. The Western European Union After the EDC treaty failed to be ratified by the French Parliament, the Treaty of Brussels signatory countries as well as West Germany and Italy agreed to create instead a European security and defence organisation.The Western European Union would be based on the Treaty of Brussels.The 1948 Treaty of Brussels between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom was the first significant European defence treaty signed after the end of the Second World War, and was the first attempt to form an alliance to counter Communism in Europes periphery. It was originally intended as a mutual defence pact aimed at defending its signatories against a possible new German threat.However, soon after the treaty had been adopted, Western European countries began to recognise that the USSR represented a far greater threat to their security than a recovering Germany, especially since the latter was fully integrated in Western international organisations.The Western European Union however remained weak, lacking the forces, capabilities and reputation it required to be an effective institution. Already then, Europe was having difficulties in agreeing a framework and resources to build a common army on its own.Western European Union member states continued to rely on the United States to guarantee their security against the USSR in order to counter the military power of the USSR.As a result, the EU joined the US initiative to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation in 1949, together with the United States and Canada, which would consist of a system of collective defence obliging its member states to respond if any one of them were attacked.[6] Foreign and defence policy cooperation in Europe have always been closely linked as will be illustrated by a more detailed discussion of the relationship between CSDP and CFSP later in this chapter.In the late 1950s, European Community member states tried to create foreign policy cooperation through the Fouchet Plans between 1959 and 1962, which also proved unsuccessful.The creation of a basic European foreign policy was finally agreed on with the European Political Cooperation in 1970, although it only took onto its current form since the creation of the European Union in 1993. The European Political Cooperation can however be considered to have been the predecessor of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. A Revival of Foreign Policy Cooperation: The European Political Cooperation The European Political Cooperation was the mode of operation of foreign policy coordination in the European Communities until the Common Foreign and Security Policy superseded it through the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993.Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the European Communities (EC) member states attempted to give the EC a foreign policy dimension, but such initiatives never left the stage of informal discussions. This changed with The Hague summit of 1969 when governments instructed their foreign ministers, to study the best way of achieving progress in the matter of political unification, within the context of enlargement.[7] As a result, European foreign ministers drafted the Luxembourg / Davignon report, which put into place an informal intergovernmental consultation mechanism by which member states could achieve politics of scale.[8] The European Political Cooperation adopted the intergovernmental mode of operation proposed by the Fouchet Plans and the participation of the United Kingdom guaranteed its Atlanticist nature.This allowed the United Kingdom to influence politics at the European level even though it only joined the European Communities in 1973. The European Political Cooperation also allowed the European Commission to express its opinion in matters affecting its competence. Furthermore, the European Political Cooperation did not have the Paris-based powerful secretariat the Fouchet plans had aimed for. Some countries had been uneasy about such a secretariat, as they feared it could turn into a competitor of the European Commission. The European Political Cooperation was strengthened and amended by the Copenhagen report of 1973 and the London report of 1981. It was codified and formalised with the Single European Act of 1986. The European Political Cooperation enjoyed limited success. During the 1970s, it attempted mediating and brokering between parties in the Middle-East conflict and helped create the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, the predecessor of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). However, the organisation of the European Political Cooperation remained informal and its competencies vague. The intergovernmental mode of operation often proved stifling, thereby limiting its impact on world events. This remains a challenge to European foreign policy until today. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the handling of the Yugoslav Wars from 1991 to 1995 exposed the weaknesses of the European Political Cooperation.[9]The Yugoslav wars triggered a renewed discussion, and eventually a complete break with past positions of the EU on a common European involvement in Foreign and Defence policy, as European countries failed to prevent or even manage the first Balkan crisis, just beyond its borders.The Yugoslav wars effectively led to the creation of the Common Foreign and Defence Policy, as Europeans saw that the European Political Cooperation was insufficient to coordinate common foreign policy action, while each member state was unwilling to get involved individually in the conflict.The European Political Cooperation never reached the dimensions of the European Defence Community or todays Common Foreign and Security Policy, since most military components remained with the Western European Union and because foreign policy competencies remain ed in the hands of the EC and defence policy competencies in the hands of the Western European Union. The Treaty of Maastricht In 1992, the Treaty of Maastricht brought about a new framework to EU external action and to the EU in general.With the end of the Cold War, NATOs original function, the defence against the Soviet Bloc and the Warsaw Pact disappeared. For the US, the collapse of the Soviet Union clearly reduced the centrality of Europe to its security policy as the reduction of its forces permanently stationed in Europe over the past 20 years exemplifies.[10] Other theatres outside Europe, for example the Gulf region and the Middle East gained in strategic importance for the United States. Consequently, calls from Washington for the Europeans to take greater responsibility for their own regional security grew in volume and strength. When the first conflicts across the Balkans broke out, the member states of the European Union realised that its sphere of peace and stability did not extend beyond its borders. Influenced by its inability to agree and cooperate on the Balkan wars, European Union member states signed the Maastricht Treaty in February 1992, which declared the implementation of a common foreign and security policy including the eventual framework of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to common defence.[11] The Treaty further requested the Western European Union, which was now referred to as an integral part of the development of the Union, to elaborate and implement decisions on actions of the Union which have defence implications.[12] The WEU thereby became mostly integrated into the EU.Many functions of the Western European Union were transferred to the EU, and the Western European Union was essentially phased out over the next 10 years. In the years following the Maastricht Treaty, the Yugoslav conflict worsened.The United States resisted involvement in the Yugoslav civil war under both presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton as they considered it a European problem.European diplomatic efforts to stop the war proved unsuccessful and divisions among the EU member states increased.The United Nations forces had neither the mandate nor the capabilities to prevent the massacres in Sarajevo and Srebrenica. The Dutch and with them the rest of Europe recognised after Srebrenica that the current format of a UN mandate supported and executed by NATO troops was insufficient. The Europeans turned to its transatlantic allies again, which reluctantly agreed to lead NATO air strikes against Yugoslavia in 1995. The American intervention was considered an emergency measure Europeans could and should not rely on again in the future.The conflict showed how dependent Europe remained on US military assets and how problematic this dependence was, when the United States was reluctant to get involved in a conflict Europeans had a stake in. Because of their military dependence on the US, the European NATO members decided to create a European pillar within the framework of NATO, which they hoped would strengthen Europes political cohesion and military capabilities. NATO itself was undergoing a process of reform and redefinition triggered by the end of the Cold War, which not all of its members were convinced it would survive. In 1997, the Treaty of Amsterdam brought about consensus among EU member states that a common European policy on security and defence matters should be incorporated into the EU framework.The EU and its members had realised that the framework of the Treaty of Maastricht required further adjustments, especially in terms of foreign policy.The Amsterdam Treaty provided for the progressive framing of a common defence policy and, more importantly, incorporated the Petersberg Tasks into the legal framework of the EU. The Petersberg tasks are humanitarian, peacekeeping and peacemaking tasks to be carried out by armed forces that the European Union is empowered to do with recourse to a United Nations mandate.They had been defined at the Petersberg Hotel near Bonn by the Western European Union Council in June 1992. The member states agreed to deploy the whole spectrum of their military and resources under the authority of the Western European Union in approved circumstances or events.As a part of the merger of the Western European Union with the European Union, the Petersberg tasks now form a part of the European Security and Defence Policy.The adoptions of the provisions contained in the Treaty of Amsterdam and the Petersberg tasks were both significant steps in the evolution of the CSDP, but their importance should not be overstated. The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties provided only the framework for an emerging European security and defence policy. The continued reliance on the United States and the bleak European response to the Yugoslavian crisis stressed the need to add substance to this framework. Saint-Malo For half a century, the different attitudes of Britain and France towards serious European defence and security cooperation acted as a substantial obstacle to its development.While France believed that the creation of a capability-backed European defence project would lead to a more balanced and therefore stronger Atlantic Alliance, Britain feared that the opposite would be the case.It was worried that Washington would retreat from Europe and abandon NATO.However, the example of Yugoslavia and Kosovo made the Europeans realise that the United States would not pay their bail in every case. Even the new British Prime Minister Tony Blair had become convinced that the US was no longer willing to play the role of Europes peacemaker, unless Europe took more responsibility towards it own security.As Blair explained, We Europeans should not expect the United States to have to play a part in every disorder in our own backyard.[13] The British Strategic Defence Review of 1998 reflected this view, stressing the vital role of the EU, notably through the Common Foreign and Security Policy.[14]In the view of many Europeans, this also entailed that NATO was not the adequate forum of dealing with international matters, let alone some of the Petersberg tasks.For some, NATO was limited to being a territorial defence alliance, and the void created by new security conditions of extra-territorial defence had to be filled by other means. At the climax of the Kosovo crisis, Prime Minister Blair met with his French counterpart Jacques Chirac in Saint-Malo in December 1998.In a joint declaration, the UK and France stressed that the European Union must have the capacity for autonomous action backed up by credible military forces in order to respond to international crises.[15]The ability to achieve these tasks, the means to decide to use them and a readiness to do so were deemed necessary for the EU to be able to take decisions and approve military action where the Alliance as a whole is not engaged.[16] At first, the Saint-Malo declaration only appeared to be an attempt to speed up the process of implementing what had been agreed upon at the Amsterdam summit on the Foreign and Security Policy in 1997, namely, the progressive framing of a common defence policy.[17]However, the declaration also appeared to move beyond such statements. While it honoured the collective defence provisions of NATOs Article five, it did not mention in any way the Berlin-Brussels agreements on NATOs implicit primacy and the notion that there should not be a duplication of NATO for tasks falling outside of Article five such as in Kosovo. The explicit idea of a European Defence policy within the NATO framework that could make use of separable but not separate military capabilities was also absent. The omission of either of these key issues was unprecedented and therefore a significant redirection of European defence and security politics. The declaration also asserted that the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action (emphasis added).[18]The inclusion of the word autonomous in this declaration was highly significant since it had never been used before in such a context. France understood autonomous in the sense that the European defence initiative should be independent of NATO.Britain however interpreted the word as meaning that the European defence project could develop autonomously but only under the umbrella of NATO.Whereas for France, European security and defence policy should be mainly a European project, assuming a readiness, when necessary, to make use of NATO assets, for the UK, such cooperation was seen as the best means of maintaining the Atlantic Alliance only with a stronger and more coordinated European presence While the British Prime Ministers willingness to sign the Saint-Malo Declaration may well have derived in part from his desire to boost Britains role in the EU after its non-accession to the Euro, Prime Minister Blair certainly believed that a move towards enhanced European military capabilities would reduce American criticism about inadequate burden-sharing in international operations, which had intensified during the Kosovo conflict.[19] The Saint-Malo Declaration was adopted bilaterally and outside the EU framework, without first consulting other EU member states or discussing the matter with them. However, it was agreed upon by the two most important European states in military matters and two states holding different views of NATO, the transatlantic relationship and the role of the EU in the world. Perhaps most important was that the Saint-Malo declaration was agreed upon with little or no advance notice to anyone and that it was agreed at the summit level, thereby giving it more political weight than anything else done since the Berlin-Brussels agreement on developing a European Defence Policy.[20]Shortly after the Saint-Malo Declaration, at the June 1999 Cologne European Council meeting, the EU member states built on the declaration to reach an unprecedented level of agreement on the establishment of a European security and defence policy. Germany, who held the EU Presidency at the time, considerably contributed to this success, re-affirming the dynamic trio spearheading most EU actions. During the Cold War, West Germany had restricted its participation in NATO operations to logistical and financial assistance. It had justified this limited participation through its constitution, which prohibited the use of the Bundeswehr for any purpose other than self-defence according to interpretations by the German Federal Constitution Court. Following the re-unification of Germany in 1990, NATO out-of-area operations and US criticism of Germanys refusal to take part in military action during the 1991 Gulf War grew. German policy-makers were compelled to reconsider the circumstances under which military forces should or could be deployed. Eventually, in 1994 the Federal Constitution Court ruled that the Bundeswehr could participate in military operations conducted within the framework of organisations of collective security or collective defence to which Germany belonged, such as NATO, the UN or the EU provided the Bundestag gave its authorisation.This created for the German government and for German public opinion a radically different set of political and legal assumptions under which to consider the evolution of CSDP and allowed Germany to play a more active role in the shaping of a European dimension of defence and security alongside France and the UK.[21]Even more interesting is the fact that the first major mission approved by the German Bundestag, the mission in Kosovo in 1999, was agreed to under a government of self-proclaimed pacifists (at least the Green Party ran at the time on a pacifist platform).This new stance of Germany also carried over into the EU sphere and can be seen by examining the conclusions of the Cologne council in 1999. The Cologne Council conclusions state that The European Union shall play its full role on the international stage. To that end, we intend to give the European Union the necessary means and capabilities to assume its responsibilities regarding a common European policy of security and defence. The Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed up by credible military forces, the means to use them and a readiness to do so, in order to respond to international crises without prejudice to actions by NATO.[22] While this repeats more or less the content of the Saint-Malo declaration, it does take the latter to the European level, making it the first European declaration on defence free of a direct NATO context.It is at this point that the framework which this essay is based on was agreed on and put into place.The table on the following page illustrates how the different frameworks have evolved over the past six decades and how foreign policy and defence policy have become more integrated and more consolidated in recent years. One should note the transition from a number of European communities to the European Union with its pillar structure and the successive reduction of the WEU.The Treaty of Lisbon will bring about the removal of the pillar structure, a further expansion of EU competencies into the foreign and defence policy realm, with the latter being to the detriment of the Western European Union. From CFSP to ESDP In order to understand the workings of the Common Security and Defence policy, it is necessary to gain an understanding of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the EU, since the former is closely linked to the latter.Foreign policy has traditionally been more discussed in the EU since the failure of the European Defence Community than defence matters, partly because of the sensitivity of the issue, partly because of the existence of the Western European Union and because most EU/EC member states were committed to NATO.However, the Treaty of Amsterdam substantially reshaped the foreign policy framework of the EU although it did not yet include clear provisions for a defence policy. Articles 11 to 28 of the Treaty on the European Union are devoted specifically to the CFSP.Since then, Title V of the Treaty states that A common foreign and security policy is hereby established, to safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, independence and integrity of the Union; to strengthen the security of the Union; to preserve peace and strengthen international security; to promote international cooperation; to promote good governance and consolidate democracy, the rule of law, human rights and fundamental freedoms.[24] These goals are, however, only foreign policy statements, not security goals and the institutional tools, such as the Troika format (Representatives from the current and future EU Presidency, the Commission and the Council), the High Representative for the Foreign Policy or Joint Actions, put at the disposal of the Council Secretariat were limited to economic and diplomatic measures. The harshest possible actions the EU could impose at the time were economic embargos. Following the Saint-Malo summit a few months earlier, the implementation of an independent European security and defence policy was agreed at the Cologne European Council in June 1999. The CSDP was defined at the time as the establishment of credible operational capabilities on which the CFSP could rely.Its aim was to give the CFSP a crisis management component and to give the CFSP more muscle in international crises.[25]The Treaty of Nice of 2003 added further changes to the CFSP framework and its treaty provisions.The Treaty of Lisbon continued to alter the CFSP and CSDP and its modus operandi. Since the Treaty of Lisbon, the CSDP is considered an integral part of the CFSP. As such, the CSDP gives the EU the option of using both civilian and military capabilities for conflict prevention and international crisis management. The combination of civilian and military measures is at the core of the reasons why CFSP and CSDP are linked closely.As stated in most major documents concerning the CSDP, including the European Security Strategy, the EU intends to be able to deploy the whole package of crisis management tools and to provide a framework that would allow civilian and military elements to operate symbiotically in the field.The CSDP allows for a broader range of capabilities, action and intervention for the CFSP in particular and international or external relations in general. The same principles and procedures that apply to the CFSP govern the CSDP, which uses special additional tools, such as the European Union Military Staff, the Military Committee and specialized agencies such as the European Defence Agency, which will be discussed in more detail in chapter two.It is also noteworthy that decisions on the CSDP are being made by the foreign ministers or the heads of states and not by defence ministers who do however hold preparatory meetings and an advisory role.One should also note that the role of the Commission in the CFSP has increased since the creation of the CSDP because the commission retains certain competencies in regards to civilian missions of the defence policy.